Clean Energy Generation Technologies


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Many more niche renewable energies are also under development and harnessing power from interesting places and using ways that have never been done before. Here are a few that have caught my eye recently.

Mechanical energy from piezoelectric generators
Israel-based Innowattech has developed a new alternative energy system that harvests mechanical energy imparted to roadways, railways and runways from passing vehicles, trains and pedestrian traffic and converts it into electricity by installing generators beneath a road's asphalt layer.

The company says it ran a successful trial along a ten metre stretch of road and plans to expand the trial to several one-kilometre stretches of road in Israel.

It's not alone. Washington D.C.-based New Energy Technologies claims it's developed something similar (see New device for capturing kinetic energy from vehicles).Piezoelectrics that recoup energy from spinning auto tires are also being investigated by Silicon Valley-based EoPlex (see Printing up cleantech, towards the end of the story).

Osmotic power
Osmotic power is energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water.

Saltwater and freshwater are funneled into separate chambers, divided by an artificial semi-permeable membrane. The salt molecules in the seawater pull the freshwater through the membrane, increasing pressure on the seawater side. The pressure comes in the form of a long water column or waterfall that can be utilized in a power generating turbine.

The cost of the membrane was traditionally a financial obstacle, but advancements in membrane technology appear to have made osmotic power fit for commercial use.

Statkraft opened the world's first osmotic power plant in November, 2009 in Norway designed to produce 10 kilowatts of energy, and has plans to have a 25 megawatt scaled up version by 2015 (see Osmotic power plant opens, with commercial scale ambitions).

Ocean thermal energy conversion
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between deep and shallow waters to run a heat engine. Greater power can ben generated in areas with larger temperature differences.

Historically, the main technical challenge of OTEC was to generate significant amounts of power, efficiently, from this very small temperature ratio. Changes in efficiency of heat exchange in modern designs allow performance approaching the theoretical maximum efficiency.

A Philippines subsidiary of California-based Deep Ocean Power is set to start developing 2 OTEC sites on the Philippine islands of Mindoro and Panay. Commercial operations for the two sites, which are to have 20 megawatts capacity each, is expected by 2012.

Ocean thermal differentiation can have applications for propelling vessels, too (see Ocean glider).

Motion energy harvesting
Researchers are working to harness energy from movement — such as from walking and natural vibrations in the environment — by using “tunable” devices.

While some devices already exist for converting kinetic energy to electrical energy, they’re limited to a narrow range of motions, or frequencies. But what about technology that could convert a range of vibrations instead of just a narrow band?

Research in this area is going on at Duke university in North Carolina. Their technology is basically a small cantilever that releases power when strained. It is several inches long and a quarter inch wide, with a magnet on one end that interacts with nearby movable magnets. By changing the distance of the movable magnets, the researchers were able to “tune” the interactions of the system with its environment, and thus produce electricity over a broader spectrum of frequencies.

Motion is also harnessed by M2E Power of Idaho, which is pursuing a batteries for the military that charge themselves by the movement of troops' bodies (see M2E captures $8M with kinetic energy). The objective: Generate power throughout the day so soldiers don't have to carry as many heavy batteries.

Energy harvested from Wi-Fi signals
A prototype system — called the Airnergy, created by RCA — was on show at CES earlier this month, and was able to charge a Blackberry from 30 percent to full charge in about 90 minutes just using ambient Wi-Fi signals at the show.

The system used an antenna and circuitry to convert energy transmitted in the Wi-Fi signals into DC power, and looks like a standard computer dongle. Charge time varies depending on how close the battery is to the original signal. The company says it would like to integrate the energy harvesting technology into a battery that could act as a replacement for cell phone batteries.

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